副干酪乳酪杆菌(Lacticaseibacillus paracasei)
以下按照门、纲、目、科、属依次排列,显示其分类位置:
Phylum:Bacillota
Class:Bacilli
Order:Lactobacillales
Family:Lactobacillaceae
Genus:Lacticaseibacillus
副干酪乳酪杆菌曾被命名为副干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus paracasei),属于干酪乳杆菌群( Lactobacillus casei group,LCG),是乳酸菌中最具应用价值的菌种之一。本文将详细介绍副干酪乳酪杆菌的分类变迁、研究应用情况、特征特性以及国内外保藏情况。
分类变迁
随着分类学方法的不断进步,干酪乳杆菌群的分类在近一个世纪以来一直存在着争议与变迁[1]。
1971年:正式提出干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus casei)这一名称,并包含5个亚种[2]。之后依据核酸相关性分析及G+C含量测定,将玉米乳杆菌(Lactobacillus zeae)合并于干酪乳杆菌。
1975年:Dellaglio对干酪乳杆菌的5个亚种进行了DNA分子杂交实验,实验结果表明L. casei subsp. rhamnosus与L. casei的其他四个亚种同源性都很低,故将独立为新的菌种,即Lactobacillus rhanmosus[3]。
1989年:Collins最早提出“副干酪乳杆菌”名称,他对当时的干酪乳杆菌的四个亚种进行了DNA杂交实验,根据实验结果,建议将干酪乳杆菌的三个亚种L.casei subsp. alactosus,L. casei subsp. pseudoplantarum,L. casei subsp. tolerans以及大部分的L. casei subsp. casei划分为一个独立的菌种即副干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus paracasei),并包含L. paracasei subsp. paracasei、L. paracasei subsp. tolerans两个亚种[4, 5]。
2020年:ZHENG等通过对乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)的261个菌种的核心基因的系统发育学研究、菌种之间的平均核苷酸一致性(average nucleotide identity,ANI)比较、特征基因分析及菌种的生理学标准和生态学分析,提出将乳杆菌属重新分为25个属,其中包括乳杆菌属和23个新的属。根据这项研究,包括副干酪乳杆菌在内的干酪群全部归为一个新的菌属—Lacticaseibacillus(乳酪杆菌属)。Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei、Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. tolerans,分别更名为Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei、Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. tolerans[5]。
研究进展
1. 潜在益生特性
副干酪乳酪杆菌是常见的益生菌候选菌种,许多体外实验都表明,副干酪乳酪杆菌具有潜在益生特性。如,副干酪乳酪杆菌具有耐酸耐胆盐的能力[6],并且能在模拟消化液中保持良好的活性[7]。此外,该菌种还具有抑菌能力及良好的细胞粘附特性[8, 9]。
2. 氧化及衰老相关疾病
研究表明,副干酪乳酪杆菌可以降低伏马毒素B1诱导中毒小鼠肝脏和肾脏组织中MDA和共轭二烯含量,减轻小鼠器官氧化水平[10]。在D-半乳糖诱导小鼠肝损伤模型中,通过连续灌胃副干酪乳酪杆菌,可显著降低小鼠血清、肝脏和脾脏的氧化水平,减轻小鼠体内的氧化损伤[11]。此外,补充副干酪乳酪杆菌还可以通过抗炎、抗氧化及调节肠-脑轴来延缓加速衰老小鼠(SAMP8)与年龄相关的认知功能障碍[12]。
3. 炎症相关疾病
副干酪乳酪杆菌在炎症相关疾病中也起到良好的调节作用。研究发现,副干酪乳酪杆菌可以通过调节肠道菌群、保护肠上皮屏障、降低肠道中炎症因子含量和调节宿主炎症相关通路的表达起到减轻结肠炎的作用[13, 14]。此外,副干酪乳酪杆菌通过鼻腔给药的方式,可减轻过敏性气管炎小鼠肺部炎症反应,进而缓解过敏症状[15]。在特应性皮炎小鼠模型中,副干酪乳酪杆菌可通过减轻小鼠细胞炎症水平、改变肠道微生物的代谢来减轻该疾病的临床症状[16]。
4. 代谢性疾病
临床研究表明,副干酪乳酪杆菌对2型糖尿病有着辅助治疗的作用。患者在口服副干酪乳酪杆菌后肠道菌群及代谢产物得到调节、血清中的炎症因子水平降低、血糖显著下降[17]。在高脂饮食小鼠模型中,补充副干酪乳酪杆菌可以改变小鼠肠道菌群组成、调节肝脏初级胆汁酸合成和脂肪酸降解等脂质代谢相关基因的表达,降低小鼠血脂[18]。
5. 癌症中的潜在作用
近年来研究表明,副干酪乳酪杆菌在癌症辅助治疗方面也表现出潜力。在直肠癌小鼠模型中,副干酪乳酪杆菌与5-氟尿嘧啶联合给药,可维持小鼠体重,有效抑制癌细胞的增殖,减少肿瘤的数量并减轻肿瘤大小[19]。细胞实验发现,副干酪乳酪杆菌可以通过上调细胞凋亡基因BAX、BAD、caspase3、caspase8和caspase9以及下调细胞凋亡抑制基因BCl-2的表达,促进宫颈癌 (HeLa) 细胞系的凋亡[20]。
应用情况
1. 乳制品工业中的应用
副干酪乳酪杆菌因其在发酵过程中改善口感、质地、营养价值及延长保质期等方面的作用,在乳制品工业中被广泛利用。这些菌株通过发酵乳糖产生乳酸,有助于乳制品的凝固,且能够抑制不良微生物的生长,保证产品的卫生安全
例如,多数市售的褐色活性乳酸菌饮料,都是由副干酪乳酪杆菌通过单菌株低温长时间发酵制成。此外,在发酵乳、奶酪和冰淇淋中添加副干酪乳酪杆菌可以提高产品的稳定性、提升产品风味[21-23]。
2. 非乳制品中的应用
副干酪乳酪杆菌的应用不仅局限于乳制品领域,在肉制品、烘焙食品和植物基食品等非乳制品产品中也得到广泛应用,通过菌株发酵,不仅可以提升产品口感、延长食品的保质期,还可以增强其营养和健康价值[24, 25]。
特征特性
革兰氏阳性菌,菌体杆状(0.8-1.0×2.0-4.0μm),两端呈方形,单个或成链排列,无鞭毛,不运动。
兼性厌氧,生长温度范围10℃~40℃,最适生长温度为37℃。
DNA的G+C含量为45 - 47mol%[26]。
国内外保藏情况
副干酪乳酪杆菌在国际各大保藏中心均有保藏,CICC保藏有模式菌株:
CICC 6263,副干酪乳酪杆菌副干酪亚种(Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei),等同于ATCC 25302、DSM 5622、JCM 8130,可用于分类学研究;
CICC 6264,副干酪乳酪杆菌坚韧亚种(Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. tolerans),等同于ATCC 25599、DSM 20258、JCM 1171,可用于分类学研究。
同时,还保藏大量具有潜在应用价值的菌株,如:
CICC 6277,副干酪乳酪杆菌(Lacticaseibacillus paracasei),对肠沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌有抑菌作用。12h凝乳,强奶酪香味。
CICC 6283,副干酪乳酪杆菌(Lacticaseibacillus paracasei),对肠沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌、单增李斯特菌和金黄色葡萄球菌有抑菌作用。7.5h凝乳。
中国工业微生物菌种保藏管理中心(CICC)致力于提供高质量的微生物资源和专业化的技术服务,中心目前保藏有14,000余株各类工业微生物菌种,其中乳酸菌1500余株,包含性能优良的副干酪乳酪杆菌,希望通过CICC对菌种的收集、保藏、质控和共享,使副干酪乳酪杆菌得到更广泛的研究与应用。
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